Journalist and Media 2017

I have written on journalism and media trends eariler few years ago. So it is time for update. What is the state of journalism and news publishing in 2017? NiemanLab’s predictions for 2017 are a good place to start thinking about what lies ahead for journalism. There, Matt Waite puts us in our place straight away by telling us that the people running the media are the problem

There has been changes on tech publishing. In January 2017 International Data Group, the owner of PCWorld magazine and market researcher IDC, on Thursday said it was being acquired by China Oceanwide Holdings Group and IDG Capital, the investment management firm run by IDG China executive Hugo Shong. In 2016 Arrow bought EE Times, EDN, TechOnline and lots more from UBM.

 

Here are some article links and information bits on journalist and media in 2017:

Soothsayers’ guides to journalism in 2017 article take a look at journalism predictions and the value of this year’s predictions.

What Journalism Needs To Do Post-Election article tells that faced with the growing recognition that the electorate was uniformed or, at minimum, deeply in the thrall of fake news, far too many journalists are responding not with calls for change but by digging in deeper to exactly the kinds of practices that got us here in the first place.

Fake News Is About to Get Even Scarier than You Ever Dreamed article says that what we saw in the 2016 election is nothing compared to what we need to prepare for in 2020 as incipient technologies appear likely to soon obliterate the line between real and fake.

YouTube’s ex-CEO and co-founder Chad Hurley service sees a massive amount of information on the problem, which will lead to people’s backlash.

Headlines matter article tells that in 2017, headlines will matter more than ever and journalists will need to wrest control of headline writing from social-optimization teams. People get their news from headlines now in a way they never did in the past.

Why new journalism grads are optimistic about 2017 article tells that since today’s college journalism students have been in school, the forecasts for their futures has been filled with words like “layoffs,” “cutbacks,” “buyouts” and “freelance.” Still many people are optimistic about the future because the main motivation for being a journalist is often “to make a difference.”

Updating social media account can be a serious job. Zuckerberg has 12+ Facebook employees helping him with posts and comments on his Facebook page and professional photographers to snap personal moments.
Wikipedia Is Being Ripped Apart By a Witch Hunt For Secretly Paid Editors article tells that with undisclosed paid editing on the rise, Wikipedians and the Wikimedia Foundation are working together to stop the practice without discouraging user participation. Paid editing is permissible under Wikimedia Foundation’s terms of use as long as they disclose these conflicts of interest on their user pages, but not all paid editors make these disclosures.

Big Internet giants are working on how to make content better for mobile devices. Instant Articles is a new way for any publisher to create fast, interactive articles on Facebook. Google’s AMP (Accelerated Mobile Pages) is a project that it aims to accelerate content on mobile devices. Both of those systems have their advantages and problems.

Clearing Out the App Stores: Government Censorship Made Easier article tells that there’s a new form of digital censorship sweeping the globe, and it could be the start of something devastating. The centralization of the internet via app stores has made government censorship easier. If the app isn’t in a country’s app store, it effectively doesn’t exist. For more than a decade, we users of digital devices have actively championed an online infrastructure that now looks uniquely vulnerable to the sanctions of despots and others who seek to control information.

2,356 Comments

  1. Tomi Engdahl says:

    BBC Launches Tor Mirror Site To Thwart Media Censorship
    https://www.npr.org/2019/10/24/773060596/bbc-launches-tor-mirror-site-to-thwart-media-censorship?utm_medium=social&utm_campaign=npr&utm_term=nprnews&utm_source=facebook.com

    In an effort to fight media censorship, the BBC has made a version of its website available on Tor, a privacy-focused browser that makes it more difficult to monitor a user’s online activity. According to the BBC, countries such as China, Iran and Vietnam have attempted to block access to its website.

    Reply
  2. Tomi Engdahl says:

    Facebook starts testing News, its new section for journalism

    https://tcrn.ch/2BFtnks

    Reply
  3. Tomi Engdahl says:

    Johanna Vehkoo kirjoitti selviytymisoppaan totuudenjälkeiseen aikaan: “Ihmisiä huolestuttaa, osaavatko he enää tunnistaa, mikä on luotettavaa tietoa”
    https://yle.fi/uutiset/3-11038142

    Reply
  4. Tomi Engdahl says:

    Social media manipulation rising globally, new report warn

    https://phys.org/news/2018-07-social-media-globally.amp

    Reply
  5. Tomi Engdahl says:

    Trump campaign scoops up Biden’s Latino voter web address, trolls his voter outreach
    https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/trump-campaign-scoops-bidens-latino-voter-web-address/story?id=66483595

    Biden, who spent the day campaigning across Pennsylvania and Iowa, announced “Todos Con Biden,” a “national network of Latino supporters” working to help elect the former vice president earlier on Wednesday.

    But there’s one problem. The Biden campaign failed to purchase http://www.todosconbiden.com, or even lock down the @TodosConBiden Twitter handle before announcing the new effort — prompting the president’s reelection team to do what it does best: troll.

    Now, the Trump campaign is using http://www.todosconbiden.com to mock the former vice president

    Reply
  6. Tomi Engdahl says:

    Associated Press:
    How Census Bureau is working with internet platforms to fight misinformation ahead of 2020 census and guide users to its site via searches and voice assistants

    ‘It’s a fine target’: Census bureau to fight misinformation
    https://www.apnews.com/7d310c83acc648cd8762d0fb05f49afb

    Worried about internet trolls and foreign powers spreading false news, census officials are preparing to battle misinformation campaigns for the first time in the count’s 230-year history.

    The stakes are huge. Who participates in the 2020 census count could influence how U.S. congressional seats and billions of federal tax dollars to educate children, help low-income families and pave new roads are divvied up.

    Already, false and inaccurate social media posts about the census have begun to appear online, where they have been viewed thousands of times. Foremost on everyone’s mind are the misinformation wars waged during the last presidential election to confuse U.S. voters.

    Cyber and census experts worry that trolls and foreign governments will sow more confusion to discourage people from participating in the census, either for political reasons or to game the allocation of resources.

    Their main targets? Major U.S. internet platforms such as Google, Twitter and Facebook

    Reply
  7. Tomi Engdahl says:

    “Tiedotusvälineen tulee kertoa yleisölleen, jos sen julkaisema journalistinen sisältö on olennaiselta osin tuotettu ja julkaistu automaattisesti. Neuvosto suosittelee, että tiedotusvälineet kertovat näissä tapauksissa jutun yhteydessä sekä automatiikan käyttämisestä että siitä, mikä on julkaistujen tietojen lähde.”

    http://www.jsn.fi/lausumat/lausuma-uutisautomatiikan-ja-personoinnin-merkitsemisesta-2019/

    Reply
  8. Tomi Engdahl says:

    Zuckerberg defends politician ads that will be 0.5% of 2020 revenue
    https://tcrn.ch/2WtHCT5

    As Jack Dorsey announced his company Twitter would drop all political ads, Facebook CEO Zuckerberg doubled-down on his policy of refusing to fact check politicians’ ads. “At times of social tension there has often been an urge to pull back on free expression . . . We will be best served over the long term by resisting this urge and defending free expression.”

    Still, Zuckerberg failed to delineate between freedom of expression, and freedom of paid amplification of that expression which inherently favors the rich.

    Reply
  9. Tomi Engdahl says:

    ‘Sexual’ use of eggplant and peach emojis banned on Facebook, Instagram
    https://nypost.com/2019/10/29/sexual-use-of-eggplant-and-peach-emojis-banned-on-facebook-instagram/

    Social media is waging a sexually charged war on fruits and veggies.

    Under the new terms — which were officially enacted in September — pairing an eggplant or peach emoji with any expression of what Out.com deems “being horny” now qualifies as “Sexual Solicitation.” This can get a user’s account flagged or removed, adult industry news site XBIZ reports.

    The Facebook Community Standards language is quite broad, not naming the emojis specifically but referring to “[commonly used] sexual emojis or emoji strings” as criteria which qualify as “Suggestive Elements.”

    “[Content] will only be removed from Facebook and Instagram if it contains a sexual emoji alongside an implicit or indirect ask for nude imagery, sex or sexual partners, or sex chat conversations,” Instagram tells The Post.

    Reply
  10. Tomi Engdahl says:

    Kara Swisher / New York Times:
    Dorsey’s political ad ban is a worthy dare to all social networks that have become hostage to abuse and manipulation, with their growth-at-all-costs mentality

    Was That the Best Subtweet Ever?
    https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/30/opinion/political-advertising-facebook-twitter.html

    Twitter will no longer allow political advertising, a move that places Twitter and Jack Dorsey in stark contrast to Facebook and Mark Zuckerberg.

    In a Twitter thread (of course), he declared that the company would no longer allow “political advertising on Twitter globally.”

    To those hoping that Mr. Dorsey would also take action against one of the platform’s most famous rules violators, let’s make one thing clear: @realdonaldtrump can still huff and puff away on his disingenuous digital sousaphone, but his campaign cannot pay to do so.

    Still, it was a bold and epic poke that seemed aimed directly at Mark Zuckerberg, since Twitter’s announcement came just as Facebook was dropping its current earnings report.

    Reply
  11. Tomi Engdahl says:

    Twitter’s political ads ban is a distraction from the real problem with platforms
    https://theconversation.com/are-conspiracy-theories-on-the-rise-in-the-us-121968

    Sometimes it feels as if Internet platforms are turning everything upside down, from politics to publishing, culture to commerce, and of course swapping truth for lies.

    Reply
  12. Tomi Engdahl says:

    https://www.livescience.com/amp/are-conspiracy-theory-beliefs-rising.html

    Over 29% of the American population believe there is a “Deep State” working against President Donald Trump.

    Reply
  13. Tomi Engdahl says:

    These watchdogs track secret online censorship across the globe
    They measure what’s being blocked or removed, and why.
    https://www.cnet.com/features/the-watchdogs-tracking-secret-online-censorship-across-the-globe-ooni/

    Data from OONI data provides a record of internet accessibility in places around the world where authorities are unlikely to acknowledge they’ve blocked access, says Karanja, whose studies focus on the intersection of politics and the internet. “You are sure to have a clear snapshot of the internet at a specific point in time in a specific place,” he said.

    Concerns about censorship are a global phenomenon, even in liberal democracies.

    Subtler forms of censorship, such as social media companies removing content or limiting its reach, raise the hackles of a diverse group of people

    Reply
  14. Tomi Engdahl says:

    Siva Vaidhyanathan / New York Times:
    Vetting political ads effectively and consistently at global scale is impossible; Congress should restrict ad targeting to the level of an electoral district — It’s not about free speech.
    Opinion
    The Real Reason Facebook Won’t Fact-Check Political Ads
    It’s not about free speech.
    https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/02/opinion/facebook-zuckerberg-political-ads.html

    CNN:
    Facebook says it will not fact check ads by UK political parties and candidates running in December election, but will fact check political groups like Leave.EU
    Facebook will allow UK election candidates to run false ads
    https://edition.cnn.com/2019/11/01/tech/facebook-false-ads-uk/

    Reply
  15. Tomi Engdahl says:

    Disinformation ‘works better than censorship,’ warns internet freedom report
    https://techcrunch.com/2019/11/04/disinformation-censorship-freedom-house/

    A rise in social media surveillance, warrantless searches of travelers’ devices at the border and the continued spread of disinformation are among the reasons why the U.S. has declined in internet freedom rankings, according to a leading nonprofit watchdog.

    Although Freedom House said that the U.S. enjoys some of the greatest internet freedoms in the world, its placement in the worldwide rankings declined for the third year in a row.

    Reply
  16. Tomi Engdahl says:

    The report said that digital platforms, including social media, have emerged as the “new battleground” for democracy, where governments would traditionally use censorship and site-blocking technologies. State and partisan actors have used disinformation and propaganda to distort facts and opinions during elections in dozens of countries over the past year, including the 2018 U.S. midterm elections and the 2019 European Parliament elections.

    https://techcrunch.com/2019/11/04/disinformation-censorship-freedom-house/

    Reply
  17. Tomi Engdahl says:

    Why xHamster Is So Much Better at Content Moderation Than Facebook
    https://onezero.medium.com/why-xhamster-is-so-much-better-at-content-moderation-than-facebook-ec318919b0e4

    Laws hold the porn industry accountable for dangerous content — and it’s thriving nonetheless

    In Los Angeles’ Porn Valley, the adult entertainment capital of the world, companies move significantly slower than their Silicon Valley peers because they are burdened by a combination of legal regulation and social stigma that makes the cost of reckless action potentially devastating.

    On mainstream social media sites, instant posting is viewed as the norm — whether you’re posting a link to a New York Times piece, a personal update, or a racist invective, your thoughts will appear on the site as soon as you share them. Although some links and words do trigger a basic moderation algorithm that prevents the update from being posted, most moderation is done post hoc, often after problematic content is reported by users.

    Before anything can be posted to an adult site, it must be rigorously screened.

    Reply
  18. Tomi Engdahl says:

    Interesting story:

    Experience: my face became a meme
    My wife hated Hide the Pain Harold – until I got paid for a Hungarian TV commercial
    https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2019/nov/08/experience-hide-the-pain-harold-face-became-meme-turned-it-into-career

    They used my image because it looked as if I was smiling through the pain.

    Once the memes were out in the world, journalists began to contact me

    I knew that it was impossible to stop people making memes, but it still annoyed me that Facebook pages, some with hundreds of thousands of followers, were using my photograph as their profile picture, and pretending to be me. Some kind of brand had been made out of me and I would have been a fool not to make use of it. So, in 2017, I created my own Facebook fan page and updated it with videos and stories from my travels.

    That started everything going. People noticed that I had taken ownership of the meme and got in contact to offer me work. I was given a role in a television commercial

    Now my life has changed dramatically. People ask me to talk about my story, to demonstrate the power of memes.

    We’re also using the meme for good. We want it to be more than just a sad smile

    As an engineer, it was really me. Now, it’s role play: I’m Hide the Pain Harold.

    Reply
  19. Tomi Engdahl says:

    Banning digital political ads gives extremists a distinct advantage
    https://techcrunch.com/2019/11/08/banning-digital-political-ads-gives-extremists-a-distinct-advantage/

    Jack Dorsey’s announcement that Twitter will no longer run political ads because “political messages reach should be earned, not bought” has been welcomed as a thoughtful and statesmanlike contrast to Mark Zuckerberg’s and Facebook’s greedy acceptance of “political ads that lie.” While the 240-character policy sounds compelling, it’s both flawed in principle and, I fear, counterproductive in practice.
    First: like it or hate it, the U.S. political system is drowning in money. In 2018, a non-presidential year, it is estimated that over $9B was spent on the U.S. elections. And unless laws change, more will continue to flow. Banning digital ads will not reduce the amount of money in politics

    Second, banning digital political ads will not only hurt the very candidates people should want to help, it will also damage our democratic process. Analog mediums are significantly more expensive and inefficient than digital ones

    digital ads lowers advertising costs, which expands the set of candidates

    Democracy is about the combination of free speech and transparency.

    Do we want Google, Facebook and Twitter making the rules for all political ads and being responsible for enforcing them?

    Reply
  20. Tomi Engdahl says:

    The Court of Justice of the European Union Limits Free Speech
    https://www.gatestoneinstitute.org/15139/european-court-free-speech

    “This judgment has major implications for online freedom of expression around the world…. The ruling also means that a court in one EU member state will be able to order the removal of social media posts in other countries, even if they are not considered unlawful there. This would set a dangerous precedent where the courts of one country can control what internet users in another country can see. This could be open to abuse, particularly by regimes with weak human rights records.” — Thomas Hughes, executive director of ARTICLE 19

    Reply
  21. Tomi Engdahl says:

    Waking up as a meme-hero | Andras Arato | TEDxKyiv
    https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=FScfGU7rQaM

    What would you feel if one day you wake up and realize that you have become a meme?
    Andras Arato tells a story of how he became a world known meme “Hide The Pain Harold.”
    Andras Arato is a 73-year old Hungarian electrical engineer, DJ at the local radio, stock photography model

    Reply
  22. Tomi Engdahl says:

    The thinking error at the root of science denial
    http://theconversation.com/the-thinking-error-at-the-root-of-science-denial-96099

    Currently, there are three important issues on which there is scientific consensus but controversy among laypeople: climate change, biological evolution and childhood vaccination. On all three issues, prominent members of the Trump administration, including the president, have lined up against the conclusions of research.

    This widespread rejection of scientific findings presents a perplexing puzzle to those of us who value an evidence-based approach to knowledge and policy.

    Reply
  23. Tomi Engdahl says:

    Julia Alexander / The Verge:
    YouTube to update ToS saying it is under “no obligation” to host content and reinforcing its right to terminate users they deem “no longer commercially viable”

    YouTube says it has ‘no obligation’ to host anyone’s video
    Other changes affect children’s content
    https://www.theverge.com/2019/11/11/20955864/youtube-terms-of-service-update-terminations-children-content-ftc

    Reply
  24. Tomi Engdahl says:

    Facebook removed tens of millions of posts, photos, and videos over the past 6 months for violating its terms of service restricting the use of child pornography, drug and gun sales, and terrorism.
    http://on.forbes.com/6181138e7

    Reply
  25. Tomi Engdahl says:

    DNC lawsuit against WikiLeaks dismissed in major free press victory
    https://defend.wikileaks.org/2019/08/03/dnc-lawsuit-dismissed/

    “If WikiLeaks could be held liable for publishing documents concerning the DNC’s political financial and voter-engagement strategies simply because the DNC labels them ‘secret’ and trade secrets, then so could any newspaper or other media outlet,” wrote District Judge John Koeltl.

    Judge Koeltl also noted that it is “constitutionally insignificant” whether WikiLeaks knew the published documents were acquired without permission, by hacking, or other means before they were obtained by WikiLeaks. “A person is entitled [to] publish stolen documents that the publisher requested from a source so long as the publisher did not participate in the theft.”

    Numerous free speech organizations supported WikiLeaks’ position in the case

    Reply
  26. Tomi Engdahl says:

    Network of 265 online sites are mimicking defunct newspapers to spread anti-Pakistan propaganda
    https://www.zdnet.com/article/network-of-265-online-sites-are-mimicking-defunct-newspapers-to-spread-anti-pakistan-propaganda/?ftag=COS-05-10aaa0h&utm_campaign=trueAnthem%3A+Trending+Content&utm_medium=trueAnthem&utm_source=facebook

    EU NGO finds network of fake news sites linked to Indian NGOs and think tanks, all spreading anti-Pakistan propaganda.

    Reply
  27. Tomi Engdahl says:

    “add several layers of media outlets that quote and republish one another, making it harder for the reader to trace the manipulation, and in turn (sometimes) offer a ‘mirage’ of international support,” the EU DisinfoLab team said.

    All news sites were registered to use a domain that either mimicked the name of a popular local news site or used the name of a defunct newspaper.

    all the 265 websites published English news articles, despite using the names of local newspapers.

    Most of the content was syndicated from Russia Today, Voice of America, KCNA, and Interfax, researchers said.

    However, hidden in the syndicated content, were articles critical of Pakistan

    https://www.zdnet.com/article/network-of-265-online-sites-are-mimicking-defunct-newspapers-to-spread-anti-pakistan-propaganda/?ftag=COS-05-10aaa0h&utm_campaign=trueAnthem%3A+Trending+Content&utm_medium=trueAnthem&utm_source=facebook

    https://www.disinfo.eu/2019/11/13/uncovered:-265-coordinated-fake-local-media-outlets-serving-indian-interests/

    Reply
  28. Tomi Engdahl says:

    Bill Wasik / New York Times:
    A look at how the internet deviated from its sunny, American, all-devouring vision of mass empowerment, and why today it doesn’t mean the same thing to everyone

    https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/11/13/magazine/internet-future.html

    Reply
  29. Tomi Engdahl says:

    Raffaele Colella / The Keyword:
    Google News debuts Beyond the Headlines tab, which surfaces in-depth content on key issues in English, with more languages and a mobile version coming in 2020

    Go beyond the headlines with Google News
    https://www.blog.google/products/news/beyond-headlines/

    Reply
  30. Tomi Engdahl says:

    The Verge:
    Creators say YouTube’s new labeling policy for kids’ content that holds creators solely accountable are murky, as some video categories fall in a gray area — The government could sue them for thousands of dollars — On Tuesday afternoon, YouTube formally announced its plan to have creators label …

    YouTube’s new kids’ content system has creators scrambling
    https://www.theverge.com/2019/11/13/20963459/youtube-google-coppa-ftc-fine-settlement-youtubers-new-rules

    The government could sue them for thousands of dollars

    Reply
  31. Tomi Engdahl says:

    Tim Bradshaw / Financial Times:
    Jimmy Wales’ WikiTribune, which launched as a crowdfunded news site in 2017, relaunches as WT:Social, a donor-funded social networking and “news sharing” site — Wikipedia co-founder Jimmy Wales has quietly launched a rival to Facebook and Twitter that he hopes will combat “clickbait” and misleading headlines.

    https://t.co/5jJ4JZ0Zbg

    Reply
  32. Tomi Engdahl says:

    Wikipedia co-founder Jimmy Wales launches Twitter and Facebook rival
    Wikipedia co-founder says WT:Social is effort to combat ‘clickbait’
    https://www.ft.com/content/9956ff9c-0622-11ea-a984-fbbacad9e7dd

    Reply
  33. Tomi Engdahl says:

    “The business model of social media companies, of pure advertising, is problematic,” Mr Wales said. “It turns out the huge winner is low-quality content.”

    “People are feeling fed up with all the junk that’s around”
    https://www.ft.com/content/9956ff9c-0622-11ea-a984-fbbacad9e7dd

    Reply
  34. Tomi Engdahl says:

    Scott Spencer / The Keyword:
    Google announces new political ad rules, limits microtargeting to age, gender, and general location categories, will start enforcing them in UK within a week — We’re proud that people around the world use Google to find relevant information about elections and that candidates use Google …

    An update on our political ads policy
    https://www.blog.google/technology/ads/update-our-political-ads-policy/

    New York Times:
    Google’s limits on microtargeting of political ads for state and federal candidates shakes up ad plans and frustrates both Democrats and Republicans — The company said the ads would not be directed specifically to audiences based on their public voter records or political affiliations.

    Google to Limit Targeting of Political Ads
    https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/20/technology/google-political-ads-targeting.html

    The company said the ads would not be directed specifically to audiences based on their public voter records or political affiliations.

    Reply
  35. Tomi Engdahl says:

    Emily Glazer / Wall Street Journal:
    Sources: Facebook sought feedback from large Republican and Democratic political ad buyers about changing ad targeting audience size from 100 to a few thousand — Company is considering boosting the minimum amount of people who can be targeted by specific ads from 100 to a few thousand

    Facebook Weighs Steps to Curb Narrowly Targeted Political Ads
    https://www.wsj.com/articles/facebook-discussing-potential-changes-to-political-ad-policy-11574352887?mod=followfacebook

    Tech firms are reversing a yearslong trend of offering ever-more precise tools that in some cases facilitated the spread of misinformation

    Reply
  36. Tomi Engdahl says:

    Charlotte Tobitt / Press Gazette:
    YouGov survey of five European countries finds Brits are most concerned about fake news and 63% think they’re frequently exposed to fake news vs. 28% of Germans

    Two-thirds of Brits worried about ‘fake news’ but only 15 per cent prepared to pay for trusted journalism
    https://www.pressgazette.co.uk/two-thirds-of-brits-worried-about-fake-news-but-only-15-per-cent-prepared-to-pay-for-trusted-journalism/

    Brits are more worried than their European neighbours about “fake news”, but are the least likely to pay for verified journalism, according to a new Yougov poll.

    Reply
  37. Tomi Engdahl says:

    Stefania Palma / Financial Times:
    Singapore orders Facebook to correct a post by an Australian user, as part of a new “fake news” law; Facebook faces a fine of up to $365K if it does not comply
    https://www.ft.com/content/1274db2e-1276-11ea-a7e6-62bf4f9e548a

    Reply
  38. Tomi Engdahl says:

    “Inventor of web calls on governments and firms to safeguard it from abuse and ensure it benefits humanity” ??

    Tim Berners-Lee unveils global plan to save the web
    https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2019/nov/24/tim-berners-lee-unveils-global-plan-to-save-the-internet

    Inventor of web calls on governments and firms to safeguard it from abuse and ensure it benefits humanity

    Reply
  39. Tomi Engdahl says:

    The Commission did not see the ‘emergency’, so no expedited procedure (hate speech on the net is not exactly new). There seems to be other criticisms, but the article does not list them…

    European Commission severely criticizes France’s impossible “hate speech” laws, freezes the bill
    The bill is dead on arrival.
    https://reclaimthenet.org/eu-rejects-france-hate-speech-laws/

    Reply

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